Basic Components of operating Systems.

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The basic components of operating systems are.
a) Process Management:  
The operating System is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management.
· Process creation and deletion 
· Process suspension and resumption 
· Provision mechanisms for process synchronization and process communication

b) Main-Memory management  
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory management. 
· Keep track of which parts of memory and currently being used by whom 
· Decide which process to load when memory space becomes available. 
· Allocate and De-allocate memory space as needed.

c) Secondary-Storage management  
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management. 
· Free space management 
· Storage allocation 
· Disk scheduling

d) I/O system Management 
The I/O system management consists of 
· A buffer-caching system 
· A general device-driver interface 
· Drivers for specific hardware devices

e) File Management 
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with file management. 
· File creation and deletion 
· Directory creation & deletion 
· Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories 
· Mapping files onto secondary storage 
· File backup on stable (non volatile) storage media.

f) Protection system 
Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes or users to both system and user resources. 
The protection mechanism must. 
· Distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage. 
· Specify the controls to be imposed. 
· Provide a means of enforcement

g) Networking (Distributed System)

A distributed system is collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock. Each processor has its own local memory. The processors in the system are connected through a communication network. A distributed system provides user access to various system resources. Access to a shared resource allows. 
· Computation speed-up 
· Increased data availability 
· Enhanced reliability

h) Command-Interpreter system 
Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements which deal with. 
· Process creation and management 
· I/O handling 
· Secondary-storage management 
· Main-memory management 
· File system access 
· Protection 
· Networking 
The program that reads and interprets control statements called variously 
· Control-card interpreter 
· Command-line interpreter 
· Shell(in UNIX)

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