Basic Components of operating Systems.

The basic components of operating systems are.
a) Process Management:  

The operating System is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management.

· Process creation and deletion 

· Process suspension and resumption 

· Provision mechanisms for process synchronization and process communication

b) Main-Memory management  

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory management. 

· Keep track of which parts of memory and currently being used by whom 

· Decide which process to load when memory space becomes available. 

· Allocate and De-allocate memory space as needed.

c) Secondary-Storage management  

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management. 

· Free space management 

· Storage allocation 

· Disk scheduling

d) I/O system Management 

The I/O system management consists of 

· A buffer-caching system 

· A general device-driver interface 

· Drivers for specific hardware devices

e) File Management 

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with file management. 

· File creation and deletion 

· Directory creation & deletion 

· Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories 

· Mapping files onto secondary storage 

· File backup on stable (non volatile) storage media.

f) Protection system 

Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes or users to both system and user resources. 

The protection mechanism must. 

· Distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage. 

· Specify the controls to be imposed. 

· Provide a means of enforcement

g) Networking (Distributed System)

A distributed system is collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock. Each processor has its own local memory. The processors in the system are connected through a communication network. A distributed system provides user access to various system resources. Access to a shared resource allows. 

· Computation speed-up 

· Increased data availability 

· Enhanced reliability

h) Command-Interpreter system 

Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements which deal with. 

· Process creation and management 

· I/O handling 

· Secondary-storage management 

· Main-memory management 

· File system access 

· Protection 

· Networking 

The program that reads and interprets control statements called variously 

· Control-card interpreter 

· Command-line interpreter 

· Shell(in UNIX)

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